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What was the mean number of passengers per carriage in Piliavin et al's study?

  1. 30

  2. 43

  3. 50

  4. 60

The correct answer is: 43

In Piliavin et al.'s study, the mean number of passengers per carriage was reported as 43. This figure is significant as it provides a baseline for understanding the context in which the bystander effect was analyzed, specifically considering the social dynamics and density of passengers within a subway environment. The number of passengers per carriage served to establish the conditions under which individuals may or may not offer help in an emergency situation. In this study, with a mean of 43 passengers, the researchers could examine how various factors, such as the presence of an ill person and the reactions of passengers, influenced helping behavior. This contextual data is crucial for interpreting the results and understanding the underlying psychological concepts related to bystander intervention.