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What type of settings did both Levine et al and Piliavin et al conduct their studies in?

  1. Suburban settings

  2. Rural settings

  3. Urban settings

  4. Institutional settings

The correct answer is: Urban settings

The studies conducted by Levine et al. and Piliavin et al. were both carried out in urban settings, which is the correct answer. Levine et al.'s research focused on helping behaviors across various cities, highlighting differences in community engagement and social support in urban environments. Similarly, Piliavin et al. examined helping behavior in a subway setting, which is inherently urban due to its location and the density of interactions among people in public transportation. Urban settings provide a rich context for examining social behaviors, particularly given the complexities of anonymity and bystander intervention that are often heightened in such environments.