A Level Psychology OCR Practice Exam

What does the term "Causation" refer to in the context of laboratory experiments?

1. The cause-and-effect relationship between variables

2. The random assignment of participants

3. The ethical considerations involved in the study

4. The emotional state of participants during the study

The correct answer is: The cause-and-effect relationship between variables

The term "Causation" in the context of laboratory experiments specifically refers to the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. In experimental research, researchers manipulate one variable, known as the independent variable, to observe how it affects another variable, known as the dependent variable. This approach enables researchers to establish whether changes in the independent variable directly lead to changes in the dependent variable, thereby demonstrating a causal connection. Understanding causation is crucial in experimental psychology because it allows researchers to draw conclusions about how different factors influence behavior and mental processes. This is usually achieved through careful control of external variables and random assignment of participants, which helps ensure that the observed effects can be attributed to the manipulations made by the experimenter rather than to other confounding factors. In contrast, other options relate to different aspects of experimental design or ethical considerations and do not define what causation means within this specific context. Random assignment refers to how participants are allocated to conditions, and ethical considerations entail moral guidelines, while the emotional state of participants pertains to their experience during the study rather than the relationship between variables being investigated.